What experiments can be conducted on a customized experimental muffle furnace?

The customized experimental muffle furnace can meet the high-temperature experimental needs of multiple fields due to its flexible temperature range, furnace size, and functional configuration. The following experiments can be carried out:

1. Materials Science Research
Thermal Stability Test
Study the structural changes of materials at high temperatures, such as the decomposition temperature of metal oxides and the thermal decomposition behavior of polymer materials.
Example: Cracking polystyrene (PS) at 450 ℃ to recover over 90% of styrene monomer.
Research on Phase Transition Behavior
Observe the phase transition process of materials at different temperatures, such as the stepwise reduction of iron oxides (Fe ₂ O ∝→ Fe ∝ O ₄ → FeO).
Example: Study the crystal transformation during the sintering process of barium titanate (BaTiO∝) piezoelectric ceramics through programmed heating.
Diffusion coefficient and reaction kinetics
Measure the diffusion rate or reaction rate of materials at high temperatures to provide a basis for material design.
Example: Study the decomposition or oxidation reaction of metal salt at high temperature, such as preparing aluminum oxide (Al ₂ O ∨) nano powder.

2. Ceramic and Glass Industry
Raw material preparation
The raw materials for synthesizing ceramics, glass, enamel and other products, such as mixing titanium oxide (TiO ₂) with barium oxide (BaO), are sintered at 1300 ℃ to produce barium titanate (BaTiO ∝) piezoelectric ceramics.
Burning and melting
Realize the firing or melting process of ceramic and glass products, such as the sintering and forming of ceramic products and the melting of glass.
Annealing treatment
Eliminate thermal stress inside ceramic or glass products and improve product performance.
Example: Annealing glass products to prevent them from cracking during use.

3. Metallurgy and Chemical Industry
Metal smelting and alloy preparation
Realize the purification, synthesis, and modification of metals, such as purifying metals through high-temperature treatment and preparing alloys with specific compositions.
Example: After mixing lithium salts (such as Li ₂ CO ∝) with transition metal oxides (such as NiO, Co ∝ O ₄), high-temperature sintering is carried out at 800-1000 ℃ to obtain layered structure positive electrode materials (such as LiNi ₀) ₈Co₀. ₁Mn₀. ₁ O ₂).
Catalyst Preparation
The dispersion and crystal transformation of active components are achieved through high-temperature calcination. For example, in the preparation of palladium/alumina catalysts, calcination at 500 ℃ is required to enhance the metal support interaction.
Chemical raw material processing
High temperature treatment of chemical raw materials, such as removing template agents or moisture from molecular sieve pores, to restore their pore structure and specific surface area.
Example: ZSM-5 zeolite needs to be calcined at 550 ℃ for 6 hours to remove the template agent.

4. Environmental Science and Energy Field
Pollutant treatment
By heating at high temperatures, organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soil are volatilized, and combined with exhaust gas treatment equipment, harmless treatment is achieved.
Example: Thermal desorption of soil contaminated with PAHs can achieve a removal rate of over 95%.
Waste resource utilization
After mixing incineration fly ash with solidifying agents such as cement and silicate, it is burned into ceramic bodies at high temperatures to fix heavy metals (such as Pb and Cd).
Example: Sintering at 1000 ℃ can reduce the leaching concentration of Pb in fly ash to below 0.1mg/L.
Research and development of new energy materials
Preparation of electrodes or electrolytes for new energy materials such as lithium-ion batteries and solar cells, such as solid-state electrolytes like garnet type (LLZO) prepared through high-temperature solid-state reactions.
Example: Mixing Li ₂ CO ∝, La ₂ O ∝, ZrO ₂ and other raw materials and sintering at 1100 ℃ for 12 hours can obtain LLZO ceramic electrolytes with high ionic conductivity.

5. Biomedical and Food Science
Biological sample processing
High temperature ashing of biological samples is used for elemental analysis or disease diagnosis. For example, when determining protein content by Kjeldahl method, the sample needs to be ashed at 500 ℃ first.
food
Determine the ash content in food, evaluate the purity or adulteration of food, and determine the ash content in food by ashing at 550-600 ℃.
Drug synthesis and purification
In drug synthesis, the crude product is placed in a muffle furnace to remove residual solvents, such as dichloromethane or ethyl acetate.

6. In the field of analytical chemistry
Sample pre-treatment
Provide pre-treatment for instrument analysis such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), such as ashing samples containing heavy metals in a muffle furnace, dissolving the ash with acid, and preparing solutions suitable for AAS determination.
Thermal analysis assisted experiment
By combining techniques such as thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the thermal properties of materials are studied.
Example: When studying the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer materials, the sample needs to be dried at 100 ℃ for 2 hours to eliminate moisture interference.
Calibration of standard materials
Use standard substances for high-temperature decomposition in a muffle furnace to calibrate the temperature and sensitivity of a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA).
Example: Calcium oxalate decomposes into CaCO3 and CO at 700 ℃, which can be used to verify the temperature accuracy of TGA.